星期六, 五月 12, 2007

保險「Embedded Value」

去「Valuate」保險股,其中一個有效既方法,係用「Price / Embedded Value」。究竟「Embedded Value」係甚麼?

假設有人俾$100M現金你,你走去開當微型保險生意,開始時:
Year 0:
Cash = $100.0M
Total Asset = $100.0M
Liabilities = $0
Net Asset Value = $100.0M - $0 = $100.0M

期間,部份「Cash」,$30M拿去做「CapEx」(即與建總部):

Year 0:
Cash = $100M - $30M = $70.0M
Fixed Asset = $0 + $30M = $30.0M
Total Asset = $100M
Liabilities = $0
Net Asset Value = $100M - $0 = $100.0M

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當你第一年(Year 1)搵到客,同埋收取$10M保費(Premium)「Assume」每收取$10M保費,就要支付大約$1M既佣金成本(Variable Cost)(大約10%),另外,每年有大約$2M既其他經營開支(Fixed Cost)。

保險公司通常投資個「Premium」主要去「Bonds」,小部份去較高風險既「Stocks」。呢種係「Asset / Liab Management(ALM)」,原因係保險公司長期支付一個「利息」俾D「Policyholder」,另外因「天災人禍」定期支付「索償(Claims)」。

要「Cover」呢D成本,要投資係「回報較高,但又穩定」既資產......BBB級以上既「Bonds」就適合不過。

另外,保險公司會以「精算方法」「Assume」個份保費係未來涉及既「利息」同「賠款」,計番個「Net Present Value (NPV)」,即「Policyholder Reserve」,可能係$9M (或Assume Premium x 90%)。

Year 1:
Cash = $70M - $1M - $2M = $67.0M
Fixed Asset = $30.0M
Investment Asset = $10.0M (由Premium Income度黎)
Policyholder Reserve = $9.0M

Total Asset = $67M + $30M + $10M = $107.0M
Liabilities = $9M
Net Asset Value = $107.0M - $9.0M = $98.0M

咁「Embedded Value」係點計?
「Embedded Value」 = 「Net Asset Value (NAV)」 - 「Solvency Margin (監管機構要求)」+「In Force Business Value (IFBV)」
「NAV」即「Balance Sheet」上的「Total Asset - Liabilities」值,「Solvency Margin」可以唔理住,最緊要係留意「IFBV」。

IFBV」係所有現成保單(用 Year 1計,即收取的$10M Premium)所涉及的「Net Present Value (NPV)」;亦即預計現成所有保單係未來「Net Cash Flow Stream (即 Expected Investment Income - Claims - Other Expenses)」,再將個「Cash Flow Stream」用個「Discount Rate」,算番個 「NPV」。

「Assume」個 「IFBV」係$13M (Premium x 130%),咁「Embedded Value」
= 「NAV ($98.0M)」 - 「Solvency Margin (當係$10M)」+「IFBV ($13.0M)」
= $101.0M

係「Year 1」,由於只收左一年即「Premium」,「New Business Value」 = 「IFBV」 = $13M

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到「Year 2」,「Premium」增長20%,咁係「Year 2」期內既「Premium Income」為$12.0M ($10M x 120%); 10%為「Commission Expense」,或即$1.2M ($12 x 10%),另外有「Fixed Cost」$2.0M; 第一年亦涉及$1.0M「 Claims Expense」 。

Year 2 Balance Sheet 上:
Cash = $67.0M - $1.2M - $2.0M - $1.0M = $62.8M
Fixed Asset = $30.0M (Assume 冇Depreciation)
Investment Asset = $10M x 105% (Assume Return Rate = 5%) + $12M (Year 2 Premium Income) = $22.5M
Policyholder Reserve = $9M + ($12M x 90%) = $19.8M

Total Asset = $115.3M
Liabilities = $19.8M
Net Asset Value = $95.5M

「IFBV」 = $13M + $15.6M($12M x 130%) = $28.6M
「New Business Value」 = $15.6M
「Embedded Value」 = $95.5M - $10.0M + $28.6M = $114.1M

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隨著盤生意做大,「Premium」、「IFBV」、「NAV」及「Embedded Value」都會漸漸變大。由於每年「Premium Income」係度增長緊,理論上「New Business Value」應按年上升。

值得留意,外間好難「Exactly」知道「Premium 既 Margin」,以及其他「Assumptions (如 Investment Return Rate、Discount Rate、Future Claim Expenses)」,所以都好睇你信唔信保險公司既「Acturial Assumptions」,真實即係個「Management」!!

至於點「Valuate 保險股」? 筆者搞左好耐,最後覺得用「Price / Embedded Value」最可靠; 當然先決條件係信盤數,或即「Management」。

要知多D,當然要問 Cory兄 ^_~

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12 Comments:

At 10:04 下午, Blogger Eric said...

Albert 公子, 個 cash 每年越o黎越小, 咁o係邊個 item 度抽返去? 另外, 咁係年報上有冇 Embedded value 既資料?

 
At 10:52 下午, Blogger Albert said...

因為要用Cash去搵生意,舊Cash咪越黎越小。

But.....保險公司用D"Premium Income"去投資"Bonds"及少量"Equities"; 呢D資產先係增值,因定期提供穩定利息及股息收入。

如果"Long Term"黎講個"Investment Income"係大過"Claims Expense + Coupon Expense(付給"Policyholders")",盤生意就掂!

宏利(945)、平保(2318)同埋中人壽(2628),都有"Disclose"個"Embedded Value"及"1-Year New Business Value"。

 
At 11:33 下午, Blogger Cory said...

貼現率(Discount Rate) 呢項假設幾乎控制左大部份計算, 中國人壽假設係11.5%, 平安保險係12%, 越高越保守, 由於平安手上仲有大量負利差保單, 所以保守D.

到底兩保算唔算保守?

根據ING 既EV report, 佢地好似將中國地區既discount rate 定係8-9%

每年年頭, 精算師都會重訂所有假設, 好好咁郁呢粒數, 對盈利同內涵價值會有好大影響, 唔知今年interim 有無野睇?

 
At 11:44 下午, Blogger Albert said...

Cory兄:

"大量負利差保單, 所以保守D" --> 所以我都信平保(2318)條數較反映真實"情況"!


可唔可以講多次你既"Quick Method"去Measure平保個"New Business Margin"點解高過中人壽(2628)......ok ma??

 
At 1:06 上午, Blogger Cory said...

可唔可以成為我倆間既秘密呢? XD

 
At 3:25 上午, Blogger goodtea said...

Would you please share why you believe that "Price/Embedded value"
is better than "P/E" for Insurance Co.?

In my "navie" opinion, I prefer to ignore the acturial reserve item while studying performance of Insurace Co.(s). New business growth/inforce business retecntions, agency headcount, expenses control and claims experience are "Better" parameters to evaluate a company.

Your "Embedded value" article is very nice.

P.S. Sorry I can't type Chinese with this PC.

 
At 3:46 上午, Blogger Albert said...

Goodtea:

Thanks you first!!

Similar Logic, one seldom use P/E to valuate Property Stocks...

You have to add the following items to get the "Fair Value" of Property Companies:

NAV + "Value from property projects" (unsold + foreseeable future).

 
At 3:51 上午, Blogger Albert said...

For PRC-based insurers, "Investment Return" may decline if A-share bursts in 2008 / 2009. This may imply "Very Volatile Net Profit" in 2008 / 2009; even if investment assets continue to grow.....

 
At 3:31 上午, Blogger SiMonChan said...

This article is very useful, thanks for sharing.!

 
At 2:33 上午, Blogger Albert said...

Thank you, Simon!

Seems you're a follower of "Philip Fisher"! Anyway, what growth stocks you have interest at this moment??

 
At 4:25 上午, Blogger Harris said...

Because EV actually has assumed the performance of what you said (New business growth/inforce business retecntions, agency headcount, expenses control and claims experience). It includes lapse ratio, agency retention etc etc....so, EV should be a better indication as it encompass more information than earnings alone


Would you please share why you believe that "Price/Embedded value"
is better than "P/E" for Insurance Co.?

In my "navie" opinion, I prefer to ignore the acturial reserve item while studying performance of Insurace Co.(s). New business growth/inforce business retecntions, agency headcount, expenses control and claims experience are "Better" parameters to evaluate a company.

Your "Embedded value" article is very nice.

P.S. Sorry I can't type Chinese with this PC.

 
At 12:11 下午, Blogger hei said...

dear albert,

first of all, thank u for making this blog; it must have taken u hours & hours of precious time. i followed lam sir's principle, & are now hoping to know more about this insurance business. your article on ev hit it right on!
may i ask what would u recommend a layman for reading about insurance business?

cheers

hei

 

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